Critical Edition · Reference Apparatus

Scoped Notation Concordance

In 1905, notation was local. A glyph meant one thing in an electrodynamics derivation, another in molecular kinetics, and another in radiation thermodynamics. Here you can search every symbol, inspect its section-bounded meaning, and trace historical collisions.

Showing 188 of 188 concordance entries

Paper 1 · 1905

Light Quanta

Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 132–148 (1905)

Light Quantas1s2s5s6s8s9Rename only

Universal molar gas constant, as printed

Quantity identitymolarGasConstant
Modern symbolRR

The value R = 8.31e7 erg/(mol·K) is an editorial input of the printed-historical constant set, not a concordance repair.

Light Quantas1s2s5s6s8s9Rename only

Einstein's number of molecules in a gram-molecule, computed in §2 from Planck's constants

Quantity identityavogadroConstant
Modern symbolNAN_A

Avogadro's number here and in paper 2. A magnetic-field component in paper 3. Printed 6.17e23 is a printed-historical constant-set entry, not a concordance correction.

Light Quantas1s2s5s6Rename only

The printed group R/N, Boltzmann's constant

Quantity identityboltzmannConstant
Group renamePrinted R/NR/N maps to kBk_B

Group rename matched on bound quantity ids, never on the characters R/N. k_B is not a printed symbol. §5's C is identified with this group later; the two quantity ids stay distinct until that identification.

Rβ/NR\beta/N#lq.R_beta_N.planckConstant
Light Quantas2s6s8s9Rename only

The printed group R beta / N, Planck's constant

Quantity identityplanckConstant
Group renamePrinted Rβ/NR\beta/N maps to hh

The paper never writes h. Group rename only. h is not a printed symbol.

Light Quantas2s6s8s9Rename only

Wien's constant in the exponential, the modern h/k_B

Quantity identitywienConstantBeta
expression renameModernized argument expression

The third meaning of beta. In paper 3 it is the Lorentz factor (modern gamma). It is not v/c. Assuming beta = v/c makes every later formula look plausible and be wrong. Rename of an expression, not a one-letter swap.

Light Quantas1s2Rename only

Wien's prefactor constant in the radiation law

Quantity identitywienConstantAlpha
expression renameModernized argument expression

Expression rename. This entry never carries or corrects a printed value. A suspected exponent misprint of alpha belongs to the provenance receipt, not here.

Light Quantas1s2Rename only

Speed of light in empty space, as printed in §§1–2

Quantity identityspeedOfLight
Modern symbolcc

Rename only. Speed of light here. A magnetic-field component in paper 3 §6. Emitted energy in paper 4. §9's L is a different entry. The value 3e10 cm/s is an editorial input of the constant set.

Light Quantas1s2s3s4s6Rename only

Energy per volume per frequency interval, not radiance

Quantity identityfrequencyEnergyDensity
Modern symboluνu_\nu

Binds frequencyEnergyDensity, never wavelengthEnergyDensity. Whether the edition also prints an un-subscripted rho is pending the facsimile; no un-subscripted rho entry is admitted without that check.

Light Quantas3s4Rename only

Spectral entropy density per frequency, as a function of rho and nu

Quantity identityspectralEntropyDensity
Modern symbolsνs_\nu

Spectral entropy density here. Transition kernel in paper 2. An angle in paper 3. Volume fraction in the dissertation. §5's phi(W) is a different entry.

Light Quantas3s4Rename only

Radiation entropy of a finite volume of radiation

Quantity identityradiationEntropy
Modern symbolSS

Radiation entropy in §§3–4. §5 reuses S for the entropy of a gas or dilute solution.

Light Quantas5Rename only

Entropy of a gas or dilute solution

Quantity identityentropy
Modern symbolSS

Within-paper collision with radiation entropy of §§3–4. Same printed S, different quantity.

Light Quantas3s4s6Rename only

Radiation energy in a frequency band

Quantity identityradiationEnergy
Modern symbolEE

Radiation energy in §§3–4 and §6. Not the §5-footnote system energy and not the §8 gram-equivalent charge. An electric field in paper 3. A body's rest-frame energy in paper 4.

Light Quantas3s4s5s6Rename only

Volume of the radiation or of the gas, as printed

Quantity identityvolume
Modern symbolVV

Rename of the printed volume glyph to V. Whether the facsimile prints v or V is pending; this entry follows the bead's listed glyph.

Light Quantas1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9Rename only

Absolute thermodynamic temperature

Quantity identitytemperature
Modern symbolTT

Temperature in the body of the paper. The §1 footnote's long averaging interval is a different T.

Light Quantas1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9Rename only

Cyclic frequency, counted in cycles per second

Quantity identityfrequency
Modern symbolν\nu

Frequency here and in paper 3. Number density in paper 2. Cyclic, not angular; a missing 2 pi is invisible to dimensions.

Light Quantas7Rename only

Exciting frequency in Stokes fluorescence

Quantity identityfrequency
Modern symbolν1\nu_1
Glyph variantsubscripted

Same quantity as nu (cyclic frequency); the subscript records the exciting-beam role.

Light Quantas7Rename only

Emitted frequency in Stokes fluorescence

Quantity identityfrequency
Modern symbolν2\nu_2
Glyph variantsubscripted

Same quantity as nu (cyclic frequency); the subscript records the emitted-beam role.

Light Quantas2s3s4s5s6s8s9Rename only

Natural logarithm operator (base e), as printed throughout

Modern symbolln\ln

Modern ISO 80000-2 (and DIN 1302) reads lg as log_10. In this paper lg is the natural logarithm.

Light Quantas1-fn1Rename only

Component of the radiation's electric force at a point

Quantity identityradiationElectricField
Modern symbolZZ

A vector component of radiationElectricField. The component is a term binding, not a second quantity id.

αν\alpha_\nu#lq.alpha_nu.fourierPhase
Light Quantas1-fn1Rename only

Phase angle of one Fourier component of the radiation electric force

Quantity identityfourierPhase
Modern symbolαν\alpha_\nu
Glyph variantsubscripted

An angle, distinct from Planck's and Wien's alpha.

Light Quantas1-fn1Rename only

Long time interval of the Fourier expansion in the §1 footnote

Quantity identitylongAveragingInterval
Modern symbolTT

Despite the printed T, this is never temperature.

Light Quantas3Rename only

Lagrange multiplier of the fixed-energy constraint, identified with 1/T

Quantity identitylagrangeMultiplier
Modern symbolλ\lambda

Never a wavelength. A printed wavelength in §9 is not admitted without the facsimile.

Light Quantas5Rename only

Entropy as a function of probability, S = phi(W)

Quantity identityentropy
Modern symbolSS

The values of phi(W) are the entropy. Distinct from the §§3–4 spectral entropy density.

Light Quantas5Rename only

Universal constant of the logarithmic solution, before it is identified with R/N

Quantity identityuniversalEntropyConstant
Modern symbolkBk_B

Identified with R/N later in §5. Distinct from entropyVolumeCoefficient.

Light Quantas5-fn1Rename only

Energy of the gas or solution in -d(E - T S) = p dv

Quantity identitysystemEnergy
Modern symbolUU

System energy of the §5 footnote, never radiation energy and never the §8 gram-equivalent charge.

Light Quantas5-fn1Rename only

Gas pressure in the §5 footnote

Quantity identitypressure
Modern symbolpp

Gas pressure. Not the §8 escape work P and not P-prime.

Light Quantas8Rename only

Magnitude of the stopping potential

Quantity identitystoppingPotentialMagnitude
Modern symbolVsV_{\mathrm{s}}

Never a signed collector potential. In the printed check Pi is in abvolts, and Pi · 10^{-8} is read as volts. This entry does not correct a printed number.

Light Quantas8Rename only

Photoelectric work function, the escape work

Quantity identityworkFunction
Modern symbolΦ\Phi

Work function here. Particle radius in paper 2. Distinct from P-prime (per gram-equivalent) and from the §5-footnote pressure p.

Light Quantas8Rename only

Charge of a gram-equivalent of a monovalent ion, printed 9.6 · 10^3 in electromagnetic CGS

Quantity identitygramEquivalentCharge
Modern symbolFF

Never an energy id. Modern glyph F, the Faraday constant. Printed 9.6e3 abcoulombs per gram-equivalent is 9.6e4 C/mol beside the modern Faraday constant 96485.33 C/mol. This entry does not correct the printed 9.6e3.

Light Quantas8Rename only

Escape work per gram-equivalent

Quantity identityworkFunctionPerGramEquivalent
Modern symbolΦm\Phi_{\mathrm{m}}
Glyph variantprimed

Modern glyph Phi_m, pending reviewer confirmation against the cross-toggle rule. Distinct from P and from p.

Light Quantas9Rename only

Absorbed light energy in j = L / (R beta nu)

Quantity identityabsorbedLightEnergy
Modern symbolLL

Never speedOfLight. The §§1–2 L is a different entry. Section 9 is not dropped behind the photoelectric headline.

Light Quantas9Rename only

Ionization work per molecule, the per-molecule form of J

Quantity identityionizationEnergyPerMolecule
Group renamePrinted J/NJ/N maps to II

Admitted as the per-molecule form named by the bead. Whether the facsimile prints J/N as a group is pending.

abV\mathrm{abV}#lq.abvolt.unitConversion
Light Quantas8Unit conversion

Abvolt, electromagnetic CGS potential; Pi · 10^{-8} is read as volts

Unit system conversionEMU-CGSSI (factor: 1e-8)

Conventional factor: 1 abV ↔ 10^{-8} V. exactness is conventional, not a 2019 SI identity. Follows the printed representation of the 4.3 V check.

Light Quantas8Unit conversion

Abcoulomb, electromagnetic CGS charge

Unit system conversionEMU-CGSSI (factor: 10)

Conventional factor: 1 abC ↔ 10 C. Printed E = 9.6e3 abC per gram-equivalent is 9.6e4 C/mol. This entry does not correct 9.6e3.

statV\mathrm{statV}#lq.statvolt.unitConversion
Light Quantas8Unit conversion

Statvolt, electrostatic CGS potential, documented modern restatement of the §8 check

Unit system conversionGAUSSIAN-CGSSI (factor: 299.792458)

Conventional factor 299.792458 V, not an exact 2019 SI identity. Historical calculations often use 300 V. Labeled a documented modern restatement, not a facsimile reading of an esu form of the check.

Modern-Layer Symbols in Light Quanta

These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.

Modern GlyphLabel & MeaningQuantity IdentityScopeIntroduced By
hhPlanck's constant, never printed in this paperplanckConstantallgroup rename Rβ/N
kBk_BBoltzmann's constant, never printed in this paperboltzmannConstantallgroup rename R/N

Paper 2 · 1905

Brownian Motion

Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 549–560 (1905)

Brownian Motions1s2Rename only

Osmotic pressure driving diffusion of suspended particles

Quantity identityosmoticPressure
Modern symbolΠ\Pi
Brownian Motions1s2Rename only

Total count of suspended particles in partial volume V*

Quantity identityparticleCount
Modern symbolNparticlesN_{\text{particles}}
Brownian Motions1s3Rename only

Number density of suspended particles (nu = n / V*)

Quantity identitynumberDensity
Modern symbolnn
Brownian MotionallRename only

Avogadro's number of molecules per gram-molecule

Quantity identityavogadroConstant
Modern symbolNAN_A
Brownian Motions2Rename only

Generalized state variable (phase-space coordinate) of the system

Quantity identitystateVariable
Modern symbolpνp_\nu
φν\varphi_\nu#bm.phi_nu.stateVariableRate
Brownian Motions2Rename only

Time rate of change of generalized state variable p_nu (dp_nu / dt)

Quantity identitystateVariableRate
Modern symbolp˙ν\dot{p}_\nu
Brownian Motions2Rename only

Statistical constant satisfying 2*kappa*N = R (half of Boltzmann's constant)

Quantity identityboltzmannConstant
scaled renameModernized argument expression
Brownian Motions2Rename only

Natural logarithm operator (base e)

Modern symbolln\ln

ISO 80000-2 / DIN 1302 note: Einstein's 'lg' notation represents the natural logarithm (base e), rendered as \ln in modern standards.

Brownian Motions2s3Rename only

Helmholtz free energy (F = E - T*S)

Quantity identityfreeEnergy
Modern symbolFF
Brownian Motions3Rename only

External force acting on a single suspended particle

Quantity identityexternalForcePerParticle
Modern symbolFextF_{\text{ext}}
Brownian Motions3Rename only

Length of the cylindrical liquid column along the x-axis

Quantity identitycolumnLength
Modern symbolLL
Brownian Motions3s5Rename only

Fluid dynamic viscosity (eta)

Quantity identityviscosity
Modern symbolη\eta
Brownian Motions3s5Rename only

Radius of spherical suspended particle

Quantity identityparticleRadius
Modern symbolaa
Brownian Motions3Rename only

Mass of an individual suspended particle

Quantity identityparticleMass
Modern symbolmm
Brownian MotionallRename only

Ratio of molar gas constant to Avogadro constant (Boltzmann's constant k_B)

Quantity identityboltzmannConstant
Group renamePrinted R/NR/N maps to kBk_B
Brownian Motions4Rename only

Small observation time interval during which particle steps occur

Quantity identityobservationInterval
Modern symbolτ\tau
φ(Δ)\varphi(\Delta)#bm.phi.transitionKernel
Brownian Motions4Rename only

Transition probability density of displacement (dimension L^-1)

Quantity identitytransitionKernel
Modern symbolϕ(Δx)\phi(\Delta x)
Brownian Motions4Rename only

Particle number density per unit length (dn = f(x,t) dx, normalized to total count n)

Quantity identitynumberDensity
Modern symbolnn

Einstein's f(x,t) represents number density with integral over space equaling total particle count n. Renaming to probability density p(x,t) is an argument modernization.

Paper 3 · 1905

Special Relativity

Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 891–921 (1905)

Special Relativitys0s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

Speed of light in empty space, as printed

Quantity identityspeedOfLight
Modern symbolcc

Rename only. Not a unit conversion and not a change of argument.

Special Relativitys0s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

The stationary coordinate system

Modern symbolSS

A system label, not a force (paper 2) and not kinetic energy (paper 4).

Special Relativitys0s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

The moving coordinate system

Modern symbolSS'

A system label. Never viscosity (paper 2). The modern ansatz transverse coefficient is not written k.

tAt'_A#sr.tAret.returnTimeAtA
Special Relativitys1Rename only

Return-time reading at A in K, after the signal has been to B and back

Quantity identitycoordinateTimeStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symboltArett_A^{\mathrm{ret}}
Glyph variantprimed

Printed t'_A is a return time in K. It must not render as the moving-system time t'.

Special Relativitys2s3Rename only

The rod's length in its own rest system

Quantity identitylengthProper
Reference frameobject-rest
Modern symbol\ell

Lowercase l here is a length. In §§7–8, l is a direction cosine.

Special Relativitys3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

Spatial x-coordinate in the moving system k

Quantity identitycoordinatePositionMoving
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolxx'

Modern x' is the moving-frame coordinate. Einstein's printed x' in §3 is a different quantity.

Special Relativitys3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

Time coordinate in the moving system k, never elapsed proper time

Quantity identitycoordinateTimeMoving
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symboltt'

tau is the moving system's coordinate time. It is never properTimeElapsed.

Special Relativitys3Rename only

Galilean auxiliary coordinate x - vt, not the moving-frame coordinate xi

Quantity identityauxiliaryGalileanCoordinate
Modern symbolx~\tilde{x}
Glyph variantprimed

Printed x' = x - vt is an auxiliary. Modern x' is reserved for xi. The two must not share a glyph in a modern rendering of §3.

Special Relativitys3s4s5s6s7s8s9s10Rename only

The factor 1/sqrt(1 - v^2/V^2); the modern gamma

Quantity identitylorentzFactor
Modern symbolγ\gamma

Rename only. Einstein's beta is the modern gamma. It is not v/c, and it is not paper 1's Wien constant h/k_B. Assuming beta = v/c makes every later formula look plausible and be wrong.

Special Relativitys3Rename only

Undetermined function of v in the §3 transformation, before it is fixed

Quantity identitytransformationCoefficientA
Modern symbola(v)a(v)

Printed a is not the modern side-door ansatz a(v), which is a modernOnlySymbols record.

Special Relativitys3Rename only

Unknown scale function phi(v), later shown to equal 1

Quantity identityscaleFactorUnknown
Modern symbolφ(v)\varphi(v)

In §§7–8 the same glyph is an angle. Distinct from §6's psi(v).

Special Relativitys4Rename only

Radius of the rigid sphere measured at rest

Quantity identitysphereRadius
Modern symbolRR
Special Relativitys5Rename only

Speed by which v falls short of V, in v = V - kappa

Quantity identityspeedDeficitFromLight
Modern symbolκ\kappa

A speed, not a ratio. Binding it as dimensionless makes the printed inequality fail a dimension check.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

x-component of the electric force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identityelectricFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolExE_x

Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI conversion E_G = sqrt(4 pi epsilon_0) E_SI is a unitConversion, not applied by the notation toggle. fromSystem gaussian-cgs, toSystem si.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

y-component of the electric force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identityelectricFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolEyE_y

Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI conversion is a separate unitConversion (gaussian-cgs to si). The SI transformation is E'_y = gamma (E_y - v B_z), not a string substitution on the Gaussian formula.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

z-component of the electric force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identityelectricFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolEzE_z

Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI is unitConversion, gaussian-cgs to si.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

x-component of the magnetic force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identitymagneticFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolBxB_x

A magnetic-field component. Not the speed of light (paper 1) and not emitted energy (paper 4). Rename only; Gaussian-to-SI is unitConversion B_G = c sqrt(4 pi epsilon_0) B_SI.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

y-component of the magnetic force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identitymagneticFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolByB_y

Rename only. SI form B'_y = gamma (B_y + v E_z / c^2) is not a string substitution on the Gaussian formula.

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9s10Rename only

z-component of the magnetic force in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identitymagneticFieldStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolBzB_z

A magnetic-field component. Not Avogadro's number (papers 1 and 2).

Special Relativitys6s7s8s9Rename only

y-component of the electric force in k (Gaussian)

Quantity identityelectricFieldMoving
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolEyE'_y
Glyph variantprimed

Rename of the printed glyph. Gaussian-to-SI conversion (fromSystem gaussian-cgs, toSystem si) is a unitConversion and is not applied by the notation toggle. The SI law is E'_y = gamma (E_y - v B_z).

EGE_{\mathrm{G}}#sr.gaussianE.unitConversion
Special Relativitys6Unit conversion

Gaussian electric-field magnitude, for the unit-system conversion only

Quantity identityelectricFieldStationary
Unit system conversionGAUSSIAN-CGSSI (factor: 1)

This entry records the unit-system conversion. It does not rename a printed glyph. The toggle must not apply it.

Special Relativitys6Rename only

Common undetermined factor of the transformed fields, later shown to equal 1

Quantity identityfieldScaleFactorUnknown
Modern symbolψ(v)\psi(v)

A different record from §3's phi(v). Different argument, only later both equal to 1.

Special Relativitys7s8Rename only

Cyclic frequency in K

Quantity identitywaveFrequencyStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolν\nu

Frequency here. Number density in paper 2.

Special Relativitys7s8Rename only

Direction cosine of the wave normal in K

Quantity identitydirectionCosineStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolnxn_x

In §§2–3, lowercase l is the rod length.

Special Relativitys7s8Rename only

Angle between the wave normal and the direction of motion in K

Quantity identitypropagationAngleStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolϑ\vartheta

In §3, phi is the unknown scale function. Spectral entropy density in paper 1; transition kernel in paper 2.

Special Relativitys7s8Rename only

Amplitude of the light complex in K (Gaussian)

Quantity identitylightAmplitudeStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolAA

Gaussian amplitude. Energy density A^2/8pi is Gaussian; converting it is unitConversion, not a rename.

Special Relativitys8Rename only

Radius of the sphere that moves with the light

Quantity identitylightSphereRadius
Modern symbolRlightR_{\mathrm{light}}

Expected glyph R, pending facsimile. Distinct from §4's rest-sphere radius.

Special Relativitys8Rename only

Energy of the light complex in K

Quantity identitylightComplexEnergyStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolE\mathcal{E}

Energy of a light complex here. Electric-field components in this paper are X, Y, Z, not E.

Special Relativitys9Unit conversion

Printed 4-pi times the Gaussian electric-force divergence; not a plain charge density

Quantity identitychargeDensityStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Unit system conversionGAUSSIAN-CGSSI (factor: 1)

The toggle must not display the printed rho as the modern SI charge density. Comparison witness: 4-pi-fache Dichte der Elektrizitat, pending facsimile.

Special Relativitys10Modernization

The printed transverse-mass coefficient under the paper's comoving-force convention

Quantity identitytransverseMassComoving
Reference frameobject-rest
Substantive modernizationThe source's transverse coefficient is m gamma^2 under its comoving-force convention. The laboratory convention gives m gamma (transverseMassLaboratory). That is a change of force convention, not a rename of beta and not a Gaussian-to-SI conversion.

The notation toggle must not apply this entry. Glyph pending facsimile; expected form is the printed transverse-mass coefficient.

μβ3\mu\beta^{3}#sr.longitudinal.longitudinalMass
Special Relativitys10Modernization

The printed longitudinal-mass coefficient

Quantity identitylongitudinalMass
Substantive modernizationThe printed longitudinal coefficient is tied to the paper's force convention. Modern invariant-mass dynamics does not keep a direction-dependent mass as a primitive.

Glyph pending facsimile. Toggle must not apply this entry.

Modern-Layer Symbols in Special Relativity

These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.

Modern GlyphLabel & MeaningQuantity IdentityScopeIntroduced By
χ\chiRapidity, whose tanh is the speed ratio. Not printed.rapiditysr-s3, sr-s5kinematics-modern-lens
aans(v)a_{\mathrm{ans}}(v)Modern ansatz spatial scale. Distinct from printed §3 a.ansatzSpatialScalesr-s3kinematics-modern-lens
bans(v)b_{\mathrm{ans}}(v)Modern ansatz time scale.ansatzTimeScalesr-s3kinematics-modern-lens
dans(v)d_{\mathrm{ans}}(v)Modern ansatz time-space coefficient.ansatzTimeSpaceCoefficientsr-s3kinematics-modern-lens
aa_{\perp}Modern ansatz transverse coefficient. NEVER written k; k is the moving system.ansatzTransverseScalesr-s3kinematics-modern-lens

Paper 4 · 1905

Mass and Energy

Ann. Phys. (4) 18, 639–641 (1905)

Mass and Energys0Rename only

Speed of light in empty space, as printed

Quantity identityspeedOfLight
Modern symbolcc

Speed of light in vacuum. In modern notation written c. Collides with volume V in papers 1 and 2.

Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Relative speed of coordinate systems K and k along the x-axis

Quantity identityframeSpeed
Modern symbolvv

Relative velocity between the stationary system (x, y, z) and the moving system (xi, eta, zeta).

Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
(x,y,z)(x, y, z)#me.xyz.coordinateAxesStationary
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Coordinate axes of the stationary system K

Modern symbol(x,y,z)(x, y, z)
Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
(ξ,η,ζ)(\xi, \eta, \zeta)#me.xi_eta_zeta.coordinateAxesMoving
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Coordinate axes of the moving system k

Modern symbol(x,y,z)(x', y', z')
Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
Mass and Energys0-p5Rename only

Energy of a light complex in the stationary system, as cited from paper 3 §8

Quantity identitylightComplexEnergyStationary
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolElightE_{\text{light}}

Energy of a light complex in §8 citation. Not a spatial length l.

Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
Mass and Energys0-p5Rename only

Energy of a light complex in the moving system, as cited from paper 3 §8

Quantity identitylightComplexEnergyMoving
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolElightE'_{\text{light}}
Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
Mass and Energys0-p5Rename only

Angle between light ray direction and x-axis in the stationary system, in cited §8 formula

Quantity identitypropagationAngleStationary
Modern symbolφ\varphi

Propagation angle in cited §8 transformation formula. Scoped strictly to citation anchor me-s0-p1. Distinct from emission angle in me-s0-p2..p6.

Status: Pinned facsimile ap-18-639 (sha256 c4770702edca3047c324a92cc0a008e27355c236b3e5e0a87d75eea630ab5f19), pages 639-641 re-rendered at 400 dpi and read as images; no OCR. Log: docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md · Checked 2026-09-19First use in edition: me-s0-p5 (p. 639)
cosφ\cos\varphi#me.cos_phi.directionCosine
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Cosine of angle phi

Modern symbolcosφ\cos\varphi
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11v2/V2\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/V^2}}#me.root.lorentzFactor
Mass and Energys0Rename only

The Lorentz factor, printed throughout as an explicit radical; beta is not printed in this paper

Quantity identitylorentzFactor
Group renamePrinted 11v2/V2\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/V^2}} maps to γ\gamma

Verified against ap-18-639: the factor is printed as an explicit radical every time, 6 occurrences (p. 639 once in the l* relation; p. 640 four times; p. 641 once). The shorthand \beta is NOT printed anywhere in this paper, so no beta entry and no printed-collision flag for beta exist here; AGENTS.md, the master plan and the original inventory all expected beta and are wrong on that point. This is a group rename: the whole radical renders as \gamma. The caution collision is a pointer to paper 3, where Einstein does write beta for this same factor, so a reader meeting beta there learns the correspondence.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Total energy emitted by the body as light radiation, measured in the body's rest frame

Quantity identityemittedEnergyRestFrame
Modern symbolEemitE_{\text{emit}}

Total emitted energy in rest frame. Not the speed of light (paper 1) and not a magnetic-field component (paper 3 §6). A reader carrying paper 1's L into paper 4 misreads the central result as being about light speed when it is about radiated energy. Renders as E_{\text{emit}}, not bare E, because the paper also prints a generic E that already renders as E; two entries rendering to E in scope me-s0 would be a modern-glyph-collision. Decision recorded in docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md section 5.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Energy of each of the two emitted light pulses in the rest frame

Quantity identityemittedEnergyRestFrame
Modern symbolL2\frac{L}{2}
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Mass and Energys0-p7s0-p11s0-p12s0-p13s0-p14s0-p15Rename only

Angle at which radiation is emitted relative to the direction of motion

Quantity identityemissionAngle
Modern symbolθemit\theta_{\text{emit}}

Angle of emission relative to the x-axis. Light is emitted at angles phi and phi + pi simultaneously in opposite directions.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the stationary system before radiation emission

Quantity identitybodyEnergyRestBefore
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolE0E_0
Glyph variantsubscripted

Body energy in stationary system before emission. E carries frame: stationary-system, not electric field.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the stationary system after radiation emission

Quantity identitybodyEnergyRestAfter
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolE1E_1
Glyph variantsubscripted
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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the stationary system, as printed in H - E = K + C

Quantity identitybodyEnergyRestBefore
Reference framestationary-system
Modern symbolEE

Body rest-frame energy. Collides with electric field E in modern usage and light complex energy in paper 3.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the moving system before radiation emission

Quantity identitybodyEnergyMovingBefore
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolH0H_0
Glyph variantsubscripted

Body energy in moving system before emission. Not magnetic field H or Hamiltonian.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the moving system after radiation emission

Quantity identitybodyEnergyMovingAfter
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolH1H_1
Glyph variantsubscripted
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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Body energy in the moving system, as printed in H - E = K + C

Quantity identitybodyEnergyMovingBefore
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolHH
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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Kinetic energy of the body relative to the moving system before emission

Quantity identitykineticEnergyBefore
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolK0K_0
Glyph variantsubscripted

Kinetic energy of the body in the moving system before emission. K has only this meaning in paper 4; the stationary-system K belongs to paper 3 and the force K to paper 2.

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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Kinetic energy of the body relative to the moving system after emission

Quantity identitykineticEnergyAfter
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolK1K_1
Glyph variantsubscripted
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Mass and Energys0-p7s0-p11s0-p12s0-p13s0-p14s0-p15Rename only

Kinetic energy of the body relative to the moving system, as printed in H - E = K + C

Quantity identitykineticEnergy
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolKK

Kinetic energy relative to the moving system. K has only this meaning in paper 4; it collides across papers with the stationary system K of paper 3 and the force K of paper 2.

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K0K1K_0 - K_1#me.K0_minus_K1.kineticEnergyDifference
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Difference between kinetic energy before and after radiation emission

Quantity identitykineticEnergyDifference
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbolΔK\Delta K
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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Additive energy constant relating stationary and moving system energies (depends on v and energy zero)

Quantity identityadditiveEnergyConstant
Modern symbolCC

Additive constant in H - E = K + C. Cancels in differences H0 - H1 and E0 - E1 because C depends on v and arbitrary energy baseline, which are unchanged by emission.

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12LV2v2\frac{1}{2}\frac{L}{V^2}v^2#me.half_L_v2_over_V2.quadraticKineticDifference
Mass and Energys0Rename only

Second-order approximation of kinetic energy decrease to order (v/V)^2

Quantity identityquadraticKineticDifference
Reference framemoving-system
Modern symbol12Lc2v2\frac{1}{2}\frac{L}{c^2}v^2
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Mass and Energys0Rename only

Decrease in inertial mass of a body emitting radiation energy L

Quantity identityinertialMassDecrease
Modern symbolLc2\frac{L}{c^2}

The central result: if a body gives off energy L in radiation, its mass decreases by L/V^2 (in modern notation, Delta m = L/c^2).

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910209\cdot 10^{20}#me.9e20.cgsConversion
Mass and Energys0Unit conversion

Printed factor (3·10^10 cm/s)^2 in CGS converting energy in ergs to mass in grams

Unit system conversionCGSSI (factor: 1e-17)

Unit-conversion entry for the paper's printed 9*10^20 factor. That is 0.14 percent above modern c^2 = 8.98755*10^20 cm^2/s^2 because the paper rounds V to 3*10^10 cm/s.

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Modern-Layer Symbols in Mass and Energy

These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.

Modern GlyphLabel & MeaningQuantity IdentityScopeIntroduced By
minvm_{\text{inv}}Invariant mass of a system of particles or radiation. A modern-lens quantity, not printed in 1905.invariantMassSystemme-s0mass-energy-modern-lens
Δm\Delta mSigned change in mass accompanying energy exchange. Modern notation for Einstein's L/V^2.massChangeSignedme-s0mass-energy-modern-lens
MboxM_{\text{box}}Mass of the box in the 1906 thought experiment extension.boxMassme-s0mass-energy-box-extension

Paper 5 · 1905

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)

Ann. Phys. (4) 19, 289–306 (1906)

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s1s2s3s419061911Rename only

Solvent viscosity in the dilute-suspension law, as printed

Quantity identityviscosity
Modern symbolη\eta

The same danger collision as paper 2: Einstein's k is viscosity, never Boltzmann's constant. The coefficient of phi in the viscosity law is never called k.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s1s219061911Rename only

Effective viscosity of the dilute suspension, as printed

Quantity identityeffectiveViscosity
Modern symbolη\eta^*

k-star is the suspension viscosity. The solvent viscosity is k. Neither is Boltzmann's constant.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s1s2s319061911Rename only

Volume fraction of suspended spheres in the dilute-suspension viscosity law

Quantity identityvolumeFraction
Modern symbolφ\varphi

Volume fraction here. Spectral entropy density in paper 1, transition kernel in paper 2, an angle in paper 3.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)1906Rename only

Coefficient of phi in the 1906 viscosity law k-star = k(1 + phi), printed as 1

Quantity identitysuspensionViscosityCoefficient
Modern symbol11

The 1906 printing. Not k. The 1911 correction prints 5/2 for the same coefficient; that is a different entry under md-1911. Modern [eta] is 5/2 for rigid spheres and must not be substituted here, or the 1906 error is hidden.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)1911Rename only

Coefficient of phi after the 1911 correction, printed as 5/2

Quantity identitysuspensionViscosityCoefficient
Modern symbol52\frac{5}{2}

Ann. Phys. (4) 34, 591-592. Not k. N scales as the square root of this coefficient. This value is not silently back-ported onto the 1906 printing.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s119061911Rename only

Ratio of suspension viscosity to solvent viscosity

Quantity identityrelativeViscosity
Modern symbolη/η\eta^*/\eta

The ratio k-star/k. Distinct from the coefficient of phi.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s1s2s3s4Rename only

Radius of a suspended sphere

Quantity identityparticleRadius
Modern symbolaa

Radius here and in paper 2. Work function in paper 1. Glyph pending facsimile.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s1s2s3s4Rename only

Number of molecules in a gram-molecule

Quantity identityavogadroConstant
Modern symbolNAN_A

Avogadro's number here and in papers 1 and 2. A magnetic-field component in paper 3. N scales as the square root of the coefficient of phi.

Molecular Dimensions (Companion)s3s4Rename only

Diffusion coefficient of the dissolved substance

Quantity identitydiffusionCoefficient
Modern symbolDD

Glyph pending facsimile. Used with Stokes drag and osmotic pressure to infer molecular size.

Modern-Layer Symbols in Molecular Dimensions (Companion)

These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.

Modern GlyphLabel & MeaningQuantity IdentityScopeIntroduced By
[η][\eta]Modern intrinsic viscosity. Equal to 5/2 for rigid spheres; never substituted for the 1906 printed 1, and never called k.suspensionViscosityCoefficientmd-1911modern-notation