Universal molar gas constant, as printed
The value R = 8.31e7 erg/(mol·K) is an editorial input of the printed-historical constant set, not a concordance repair.
Critical Edition · Reference Apparatus
In 1905, notation was local. A glyph meant one thing in an electrodynamics derivation, another in molecular kinetics, and another in radiation thermodynamics. Here you can search every symbol, inspect its section-bounded meaning, and trace historical collisions.
Paper 1 · 1905
Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 132–148 (1905)
The value R = 8.31e7 erg/(mol·K) is an editorial input of the printed-historical constant set, not a concordance repair.
Avogadro's number here and in paper 2. A magnetic-field component in paper 3. Printed 6.17e23 is a printed-historical constant-set entry, not a concordance correction.
maps to Group rename matched on bound quantity ids, never on the characters R/N. k_B is not a printed symbol. §5's C is identified with this group later; the two quantity ids stay distinct until that identification.
maps to The paper never writes h. Group rename only. h is not a printed symbol.
The third meaning of beta. In paper 3 it is the Lorentz factor (modern gamma). It is not v/c. Assuming beta = v/c makes every later formula look plausible and be wrong. Rename of an expression, not a one-letter swap.
Expression rename. This entry never carries or corrects a printed value. A suspected exponent misprint of alpha belongs to the provenance receipt, not here.
Rename only. Speed of light here. A magnetic-field component in paper 3 §6. Emitted energy in paper 4. §9's L is a different entry. The value 3e10 cm/s is an editorial input of the constant set.
Binds frequencyEnergyDensity, never wavelengthEnergyDensity. Whether the edition also prints an un-subscripted rho is pending the facsimile; no un-subscripted rho entry is admitted without that check.
Spectral entropy density here. Transition kernel in paper 2. An angle in paper 3. Volume fraction in the dissertation. §5's phi(W) is a different entry.
Radiation entropy in §§3–4. §5 reuses S for the entropy of a gas or dilute solution.
Within-paper collision with radiation entropy of §§3–4. Same printed S, different quantity.
Radiation energy in §§3–4 and §6. Not the §5-footnote system energy and not the §8 gram-equivalent charge. An electric field in paper 3. A body's rest-frame energy in paper 4.
Rename of the printed volume glyph to V. Whether the facsimile prints v or V is pending; this entry follows the bead's listed glyph.
Temperature in the body of the paper. The §1 footnote's long averaging interval is a different T.
Frequency here and in paper 3. Number density in paper 2. Cyclic, not angular; a missing 2 pi is invisible to dimensions.
Same quantity as nu (cyclic frequency); the subscript records the exciting-beam role.
Same quantity as nu (cyclic frequency); the subscript records the emitted-beam role.
Modern ISO 80000-2 (and DIN 1302) reads lg as log_10. In this paper lg is the natural logarithm.
A vector component of radiationElectricField. The component is a term binding, not a second quantity id.
An angle, distinct from Planck's and Wien's alpha.
Despite the printed T, this is never temperature.
Never a wavelength. A printed wavelength in §9 is not admitted without the facsimile.
The values of phi(W) are the entropy. Distinct from the §§3–4 spectral entropy density.
Identified with R/N later in §5. Distinct from entropyVolumeCoefficient.
System energy of the §5 footnote, never radiation energy and never the §8 gram-equivalent charge.
Gas pressure. Not the §8 escape work P and not P-prime.
Never a signed collector potential. In the printed check Pi is in abvolts, and Pi · 10^{-8} is read as volts. This entry does not correct a printed number.
Work function here. Particle radius in paper 2. Distinct from P-prime (per gram-equivalent) and from the §5-footnote pressure p.
Never an energy id. Modern glyph F, the Faraday constant. Printed 9.6e3 abcoulombs per gram-equivalent is 9.6e4 C/mol beside the modern Faraday constant 96485.33 C/mol. This entry does not correct the printed 9.6e3.
Modern glyph Phi_m, pending reviewer confirmation against the cross-toggle rule. Distinct from P and from p.
An amount of substance, never a rate.
Never speedOfLight. The §§1–2 L is a different entry. Section 9 is not dropped behind the photoelectric headline.
maps to Admitted as the per-molecule form named by the bead. Whether the facsimile prints J/N as a group is pending.
1 erg = 10^{-7} J. The concordance never repairs a printed number.
Conventional factor: 1 abV ↔ 10^{-8} V. exactness is conventional, not a 2019 SI identity. Follows the printed representation of the 4.3 V check.
Conventional factor: 1 abC ↔ 10 C. Printed E = 9.6e3 abC per gram-equivalent is 9.6e4 C/mol. This entry does not correct 9.6e3.
Conventional factor 299.792458 V, not an exact 2019 SI identity. Historical calculations often use 300 V. Labeled a documented modern restatement, not a facsimile reading of an esu form of the check.
These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.
| Modern Glyph | Label & Meaning | Quantity Identity | Scope | Introduced By |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planck's constant, never printed in this paper | planckConstant | all | group rename Rβ/N | |
| Boltzmann's constant, never printed in this paper | boltzmannConstant | all | group rename R/N |
Paper 2 · 1905
Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 549–560 (1905)
maps to ISO 80000-2 / DIN 1302 note: Einstein's 'lg' notation represents the natural logarithm (base e), rendered as \ln in modern standards.
maps to Einstein's f(x,t) represents number density with integral over space equaling total particle count n. Renaming to probability density p(x,t) is an argument modernization.
Paper 3 · 1905
Ann. Phys. (4) 17, 891–921 (1905)
Rename only. Not a unit conversion and not a change of argument.
A system label, not a force (paper 2) and not kinetic energy (paper 4).
A system label. Never viscosity (paper 2). The modern ansatz transverse coefficient is not written k.
Printed t'_A is a return time in K. It must not render as the moving-system time t'.
Lowercase l here is a length. In §§7–8, l is a direction cosine.
Modern x' is the moving-frame coordinate. Einstein's printed x' in §3 is a different quantity.
tau is the moving system's coordinate time. It is never properTimeElapsed.
Printed x' = x - vt is an auxiliary. Modern x' is reserved for xi. The two must not share a glyph in a modern rendering of §3.
Rename only. Einstein's beta is the modern gamma. It is not v/c, and it is not paper 1's Wien constant h/k_B. Assuming beta = v/c makes every later formula look plausible and be wrong.
Printed a is not the modern side-door ansatz a(v), which is a modernOnlySymbols record.
In §§7–8 the same glyph is an angle. Distinct from §6's psi(v).
A speed, not a ratio. Binding it as dimensionless makes the printed inequality fail a dimension check.
A speed, not a ratio, and not wavelength.
Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI conversion E_G = sqrt(4 pi epsilon_0) E_SI is a unitConversion, not applied by the notation toggle. fromSystem gaussian-cgs, toSystem si.
Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI conversion is a separate unitConversion (gaussian-cgs to si). The SI transformation is E'_y = gamma (E_y - v B_z), not a string substitution on the Gaussian formula.
Rename only. Gaussian-to-SI is unitConversion, gaussian-cgs to si.
A magnetic-field component. Not the speed of light (paper 1) and not emitted energy (paper 4). Rename only; Gaussian-to-SI is unitConversion B_G = c sqrt(4 pi epsilon_0) B_SI.
Rename only. SI form B'_y = gamma (B_y + v E_z / c^2) is not a string substitution on the Gaussian formula.
A magnetic-field component. Not Avogadro's number (papers 1 and 2).
Rename of the printed glyph. Gaussian-to-SI conversion (fromSystem gaussian-cgs, toSystem si) is a unitConversion and is not applied by the notation toggle. The SI law is E'_y = gamma (E_y - v B_z).
This entry records the unit-system conversion. It does not rename a printed glyph. The toggle must not apply it.
A different record from §3's phi(v). Different argument, only later both equal to 1.
Frequency here. Number density in paper 2.
In §§2–3, lowercase l is the rod length.
In §3, phi is the unknown scale function. Spectral entropy density in paper 1; transition kernel in paper 2.
Gaussian amplitude. Energy density A^2/8pi is Gaussian; converting it is unitConversion, not a rename.
Expected glyph R, pending facsimile. Distinct from §4's rest-sphere radius.
Energy of a light complex here. Electric-field components in this paper are X, Y, Z, not E.
The toggle must not display the printed rho as the modern SI charge density. Comparison witness: 4-pi-fache Dichte der Elektrizitat, pending facsimile.
Gaussian charge. Converting to SI is unitConversion, not this rename.
The notation toggle must not apply this entry. Glyph pending facsimile; expected form is the printed transverse-mass coefficient.
Glyph pending facsimile. Toggle must not apply this entry.
These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.
| Modern Glyph | Label & Meaning | Quantity Identity | Scope | Introduced By |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rapidity, whose tanh is the speed ratio. Not printed. | rapidity | sr-s3, sr-s5 | kinematics-modern-lens | |
| Modern ansatz spatial scale. Distinct from printed §3 a. | ansatzSpatialScale | sr-s3 | kinematics-modern-lens | |
| Modern ansatz time scale. | ansatzTimeScale | sr-s3 | kinematics-modern-lens | |
| Modern ansatz time-space coefficient. | ansatzTimeSpaceCoefficient | sr-s3 | kinematics-modern-lens | |
| Modern ansatz transverse coefficient. NEVER written k; k is the moving system. | ansatzTransverseScale | sr-s3 | kinematics-modern-lens |
Paper 4 · 1905
Ann. Phys. (4) 18, 639–641 (1905)
Speed of light in vacuum. In modern notation written c. Collides with volume V in papers 1 and 2.
Relative velocity between the stationary system (x, y, z) and the moving system (xi, eta, zeta).
Energy of a light complex in §8 citation. Not a spatial length l.
Propagation angle in cited §8 transformation formula. Scoped strictly to citation anchor me-s0-p1. Distinct from emission angle in me-s0-p2..p6.
maps to Verified against ap-18-639: the factor is printed as an explicit radical every time, 6 occurrences (p. 639 once in the l* relation; p. 640 four times; p. 641 once). The shorthand \beta is NOT printed anywhere in this paper, so no beta entry and no printed-collision flag for beta exist here; AGENTS.md, the master plan and the original inventory all expected beta and are wrong on that point. This is a group rename: the whole radical renders as \gamma. The caution collision is a pointer to paper 3, where Einstein does write beta for this same factor, so a reader meeting beta there learns the correspondence.
Total emitted energy in rest frame. Not the speed of light (paper 1) and not a magnetic-field component (paper 3 §6). A reader carrying paper 1's L into paper 4 misreads the central result as being about light speed when it is about radiated energy. Renders as E_{\text{emit}}, not bare E, because the paper also prints a generic E that already renders as E; two entries rendering to E in scope me-s0 would be a modern-glyph-collision. Decision recorded in docs/editorial/mass-energy-notation-verification.md section 5.
Angle of emission relative to the x-axis. Light is emitted at angles phi and phi + pi simultaneously in opposite directions.
Body energy in stationary system before emission. E carries frame: stationary-system, not electric field.
Body rest-frame energy. Collides with electric field E in modern usage and light complex energy in paper 3.
Body energy in moving system before emission. Not magnetic field H or Hamiltonian.
Kinetic energy of the body in the moving system before emission. K has only this meaning in paper 4; the stationary-system K belongs to paper 3 and the force K to paper 2.
Kinetic energy relative to the moving system. K has only this meaning in paper 4; it collides across papers with the stationary system K of paper 3 and the force K of paper 2.
Additive constant in H - E = K + C. Cancels in differences H0 - H1 and E0 - E1 because C depends on v and arbitrary energy baseline, which are unchanged by emission.
The central result: if a body gives off energy L in radiation, its mass decreases by L/V^2 (in modern notation, Delta m = L/c^2).
Unit-conversion entry for the paper's printed 9*10^20 factor. That is 0.14 percent above modern c^2 = 8.98755*10^20 cm^2/s^2 because the paper rounds V to 3*10^10 cm/s.
These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.
| Modern Glyph | Label & Meaning | Quantity Identity | Scope | Introduced By |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invariant mass of a system of particles or radiation. A modern-lens quantity, not printed in 1905. | invariantMassSystem | me-s0 | mass-energy-modern-lens | |
| Signed change in mass accompanying energy exchange. Modern notation for Einstein's L/V^2. | massChangeSigned | me-s0 | mass-energy-modern-lens | |
| Mass of the box in the 1906 thought experiment extension. | boxMass | me-s0 | mass-energy-box-extension |
Paper 5 · 1905
Ann. Phys. (4) 19, 289–306 (1906)
The same danger collision as paper 2: Einstein's k is viscosity, never Boltzmann's constant. The coefficient of phi in the viscosity law is never called k.
k-star is the suspension viscosity. The solvent viscosity is k. Neither is Boltzmann's constant.
Volume fraction here. Spectral entropy density in paper 1, transition kernel in paper 2, an angle in paper 3.
The 1906 printing. Not k. The 1911 correction prints 5/2 for the same coefficient; that is a different entry under md-1911. Modern [eta] is 5/2 for rigid spheres and must not be substituted here, or the 1906 error is hidden.
Ann. Phys. (4) 34, 591-592. Not k. N scales as the square root of this coefficient. This value is not silently back-ported onto the 1906 printing.
The ratio k-star/k. Distinct from the coefficient of phi.
Radius here and in paper 2. Work function in paper 1. Glyph pending facsimile.
Avogadro's number here and in papers 1 and 2. A magnetic-field component in paper 3. N scales as the square root of the coefficient of phi.
Glyph pending facsimile. Used with Stokes drag and osmotic pressure to infer molecular size.
These symbols appear in modern educational lenses, worked derivations, or explanatory notes. They were never printed by Albert Einstein in the 1905 edition.
| Modern Glyph | Label & Meaning | Quantity Identity | Scope | Introduced By |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modern intrinsic viscosity. Equal to 5/2 for rigid spheres; never substituted for the 1906 printed 1, and never called k. | suspensionViscosityCoefficient | md-1911 | modern-notation |