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Every entry in the edition’s index is listed below, once each: 581 of them, each linking to the passage, argument, equation, instrument or lesson it names. Your browser’s own find reaches every one of them. The notation and the German passages search also finds are listed on the pages that hold them, linked below.
Papers 4
Sections 28
Light quanta
- Introduction · a heuristic viewpoint
- §1 · classical energy allocation
- §2 · what spectral constants determine
- §3 · temperature and entropy
- §4 · dilute radiation and the volume law
- §5 · independent configurations
- §6 · the heuristic correspondence
- §7 · fluorescence and its conditions
- §8 · photoelectric energy and counts
- §9 · ionization bounds and closing scope
Brownian motion
Special relativity
- Introduction · magnet, conductor, and the postulates
- §1 · operational simultaneity
- §2 · lengths and measurement events
- §3 · deriving and inverting the coordinate map
- §4 · rods, clocks, and the limit of the model
- §5 · velocity composition
- §6 · field equations and field components
- §7 · Doppler shift and aberration
- §8 · finite light energy and moving mirrors
- §9 · charge and current
- §10 · electron force, work, and closing scope
Mass and energy
Arguments 48
Light quanta
- A coefficient suggests an energy element
- A finite window cannot cure an infinite total
- A spectral fit is not yet a free-light hypothesis
- A spectrum can determine an entropy derivative
- A stopping voltage is a magnitude with a sign convention
- A threshold does not specify a yield
- An energy budget has conditions
- Compare two states, not a compression movie
- Einstein's own limits on the photoelectric laws
- Independence supplies the exponent
- Keep what waves explain
- More electrons is not more energy per electron
- The constant cannot simply be dropped
- Two assumptions under the equilibrium of section 1
- Which probability the entropy uses
Brownian motion
- From a step law to a density law
- How molecular theory gives the osmotic law without solving the motion
- What the paper sets out to show, and what would decide it
- What the spreading curve predicts
- What would let us count molecules?
- Why a suspended grain should press like a dissolved molecule
- Why the square grows with time
- Why viscosity changes the spread
- Zero average is not no movement
Special relativity
- A force-to-acceleration ratio needs two frame labels
- A length is a specified pair of events
- A reunion compares whole paths
- Density is not the energy of the whole packet
- Electric and magnetic components mix together
- Light constraints leave a scale to determine
- Neutrality and current belong to a frame
- One apparatus, two descriptions
- One phase fixes frequency and direction
- Reflection starts with interception
- The denominator changes as well
- The sideways step needs its own condition
- The work integral has an observable endpoint
- Time at a distant clock is an operation
- Transform derivatives before naming fields
- Use the same measurement protocol
Mass and energy
Argument synopses 48
Light quanta
- A coefficient suggests an energy element
- A finite window cannot cure an infinite total
- A spectral fit is not yet a free-light hypothesis
- A spectrum can determine an entropy derivative
- A stopping voltage is a magnitude with a sign convention
- A threshold does not specify a yield
- An energy budget has conditions
- Compare two states, not a compression movie
- Einstein's own limits on the photoelectric laws
- Independence supplies the exponent
- Keep what waves explain
- More electrons is not more energy per electron
- The constant cannot simply be dropped
- Two assumptions under the equilibrium of section 1
- Which probability the entropy uses
Brownian motion
- From a step law to a density law
- How molecular theory gives the osmotic law without solving the motion
- What the paper sets out to show, and what would decide it
- What the spreading curve predicts
- What would let us count molecules?
- Why a suspended grain should press like a dissolved molecule
- Why the square grows with time
- Why viscosity changes the spread
- Zero average is not no movement
Special relativity
- A force-to-acceleration ratio needs two frame labels
- A length is a specified pair of events
- A reunion compares whole paths
- Density is not the energy of the whole packet
- Electric and magnetic components mix together
- Light constraints leave a scale to determine
- Neutrality and current belong to a frame
- One apparatus, two descriptions
- One phase fixes frequency and direction
- Reflection starts with interception
- The denominator changes as well
- The sideways step needs its own condition
- The work integral has an observable endpoint
- Time at a distant clock is an operation
- Transform derivatives before naming fields
- Use the same measurement protocol
Mass and energy
Equations 106
Light quanta
- A quantum must at least pay for one ionization
- Add up the density below a cutoff
- Avogadro's number from the spectrum
- Entropy per unit of energy, at one frequency
- How many independent points the radiation behaves like
- Integrate for the entropy density
- Multiply one chance per independent point
- No more ions than quanta
- No quantum comes out larger than one went in
- Planck's law at low frequency
- The classical allocation of energy to the spectrum
- The count comes down as a coefficient
- The energy each point would carry
- The entropy depends on the volume through a logarithm
- The frequency below which no electron escapes
- The gas side of the comparison
- The most an escaping electron can keep
- The radiation side of the comparison
- The total grows as the cutoff cubed
- Two coefficients that must agree
- What an unfixed constant would add
- What the stopping potential measures
- Wien's law solved for the temperature
- Wien's spectrum
Brownian motion
- From a measured spread to the number of molecules
- From spreading to a measurable distance
- Read D off the observations
- Resistance to motion controls spreading
- The density a short interval later
- The density one interval later
- The density one jump away
- The diffusion coefficient from the jumps
- The diffusion equation
- The diffusivity of a walk
- The mean square from the Gaussian
- The mean square grows in proportion to time
- The mean square of n independent steps
- The same diffusivity, written with the gas constant
- The square of a sum
- The typical distance is the root of the mean square
- Time counts steps
- Why the apparent speed depends on how you watch
Special relativity
- A moving clock's ticks, timed from outside
- A moving rod, measured at one time
- Aberration: the direction changes too
- Across the motion, both in the laboratory: m gamma
- Across the motion, the paper's convention: m gamma squared
- Add up the work from rest
- Along the motion: m gamma cubed
- At everyday speeds, the loss is tiny
- Back to the stationary position
- Back to the stationary time
- Charge density depends on the frame
- Electric field along y
- Electric field along z
- Energy density: q squared
- Light reflected from a moving mirror
- Magnetic field along y
- Magnetic field along z
- Name the frequency ratio
- Packet volume: one over q
- Position in the moving system
- Position in the moving system, up to a scale
- Simultaneous in one system, not in the other
- So B reads the midpoint
- The circle in a magnetic field
- The current along the motion depends on the frame
- The Doppler factor
- The electric field along the motion
- The magnetic field along the motion
- The result: m c squared times gamma minus one
- The rule: out and back take equal times
- The scale, fixed
- The time derivative, rewritten
- The voltage supplies the energy
- The x derivative, rewritten
- Time in the moving system
- Time in the moving system, up to the same scale
- Time on a clock carried along a path
- Total energy: q
- Velocity across the motion
- Velocity along the motion
Mass and energy
- A pulse's energy seen from the moving frame
- A signed change is the negative of a decrease
- At low speed, the drop looks like a kinetic energy
- Beta is speed as a fraction of light speed
- Cancel the shared offset
- Gamma written with beta
- Identify the positive inertia decrease
- Keep only the second-order energy term
- Name the before-minus-after difference
- State the offset premise after emission
- State the offset premise before emission
- Substitute both offset premises before cancelling anything
- Subtract the rest account from the moving account
- Subtract the two energy accounts
- Subtract the two ledgers
- The conditional exact kinetic-energy drop
- The energy removed in the rest description
- The factor borrowed from relativity
- The low-speed limit: the mass the body loses
- The mass lost is the energy over c squared
- The same change, signed
- The same emission in the moving description
- Two opposite pulses add up to gamma L
- Why a finite-speed quotient is not the mass decrease
Laboratories 37
Light quanta
- A spectrum has an entropy. Compressing it costs the same way a gas does.
- Brighter light, more electrons. Higher frequency, faster ones.
- Continuous waves explain purely optical phenomena.
- Give every resonator its share, and the total never stops growing.
- Independent configurations and the gas analogy
- Stokes's rule and the single-quantum energy budget
- The radiation entropy law matches the gas entropy law.
- Threshold frequency sets the bound. Absorbed energy counts the ions.
- Where Wien's law holds, and where it stops.
Brownian motion
Special relativity
- A moving clock loses time.
- A packet of light does not transform like a rigid material body.
- Build the map, don't receive it.
- Charge density is frame-dependent, while total charge is invariant.
- Fields transform together, not as separate realities.
- Force conventions and dynamics of the slowly accelerated electron.
- Frequency and direction transform together.
- How do distant clocks agree on a time?
- Moving mirror reflection, Doppler shift, and radiation pressure energy balance.
- Simultaneity is relative; moving bodies contract.
- Speeds do not simply add.
- The field equations keep their form.
- The same relative motion, two accounts of one current.
Mass and energy
Foundations 45
Across the papers
- A letter stands for a quantity
- A probability, a frequency and a single trial
- A sign records direction
- Adding and averaging
- Adding continuously
- An equals sign states a balance
- Approximating a curve near a point
- Charges, fields and light
- Conservation and symmetry
- Counting what crosses a boundary
- Density is not probability
- Dot and cross products
- Energy of motion and inertia
- Entropy and temperature
- Entropy and the number of ways
- Events and distant clocks
- Exponential change
- Fields and waves
- Fractions and ratios
- From steps to spread
- Functions and graphs
- Hyperbolic functions and rapidity
- Logarithms: turning products into sums
- Marks that look alike and do different jobs
- Matrices and linear maps
- Mean, variance and RMS
- Orders of magnitude
- Osmotic pressure and free energy
- Partial derivatives and held-fixed quantities
- Powers of ten and physical units
- Probability and independence
- Quantities and units
- Rates of change and derivatives
- Ratios and scaling
- Reading a graph
- Squares and square roots
- Temperature and thermal energy
- The Gaussian and its width
- The push of light
- The units of 1905
- Two measurements, two unknowns
- Uncertainty, evidence and inference
- Vectors and their components
- Viscosity and Stokes drag
- What the diffusion coefficient means
Recorded walkthroughs 22
Light quanta
Brownian motion
Special relativity
Routes you could take 4
Tours 5
Light quanta
Brownian motion
Special relativity
German passages 234
Every German passage is on its paper’s German source page, in the order it was printed: Light quanta, Brownian motion, Special relativity and Mass and energy.
English passages 234
Light quanta
- § 1, footnote 1
- § 1, footnote 2
- § 1, footnote 3
- § 1, paragraph 1
- § 1, paragraph 2
- § 1, paragraph 3
- § 1, paragraph 4
- § 1, paragraph 5
- § 1. On a difficulty concerning the theory of “black radiation”.
- § 2, footnote 1
- § 2, paragraph 1
- § 2, paragraph 2
- § 2, paragraph 3
- § 2, paragraph 4
- § 2. On Planck’s determination of the elementary quanta.
- § 3, footnote 1
- § 3, paragraph 1
- § 3, paragraph 2
- § 3, paragraph 3
- § 3, paragraph 4
- § 3. On the entropy of radiation.
- § 4, paragraph 1
- § 4, paragraph 2
- § 4, paragraph 3
- § 4. Limiting law for the entropy of monochromatic radiation at low radiation density.
- § 5, footnote 1
- § 5, paragraph 1
- § 5, paragraph 2
- § 5, paragraph 3
- § 5, paragraph 4
- § 5, paragraph 5
- § 5, paragraph 6
- § 5, paragraph 7
- § 5, paragraph 8
- § 5. Molecular-theoretical investigation of the dependence of the entropy of gases and dilute solutions on the volume.
- § 6, paragraph 1
- § 6, paragraph 2
- § 6, paragraph 3
- § 6, paragraph 4
- § 6, paragraph 5
- § 6, paragraph 6
- § 6. Interpretation of the expression for the dependence of the entropy of monochromatic radiation on the volume according to Boltzmann’s principle.
- § 7, paragraph 1
- § 7, paragraph 2
- § 7, paragraph 3
- § 7, paragraph 4
- § 7. On Stokes’s rule.
- § 8, footnote 1
- § 8, footnote 2
- § 8, footnote 3
- § 8, footnote 4
- § 8, footnote 5
- § 8, paragraph 1
- § 8, paragraph 2
- § 8, paragraph 3
- § 8, paragraph 4
- § 8, paragraph 5
- § 8, paragraph 6
- § 8, paragraph 7
- § 8, paragraph 8
- § 8, paragraph 9
- § 8, paragraph 10
- § 8. On the production of cathode rays by the illumination of solid bodies.
- § 9, footnote 1
- § 9, footnote 2
- § 9, paragraph 1
- § 9, paragraph 2
- § 9. On the ionization of gases by ultraviolet light.
- Introduction, paragraph 1
- Introduction, paragraph 2
- Introduction, paragraph 3
- Introduction, paragraph 4
Brownian motion
- § 1, paragraph 1
- § 1, paragraph 2
- § 1, paragraph 3
- § 1. On the osmotic pressure to be ascribed to the suspended particles.
- § 2, footnote 1
- § 2, footnote 2
- § 2, paragraph 1
- § 2, paragraph 2
- § 2, paragraph 3
- § 2, paragraph 4
- § 2, paragraph 5
- § 2, paragraph 6
- § 2, paragraph 7
- § 2. The osmotic pressure from the standpoint of the molecular-kinetic theory of heat.
- § 3, footnote 1
- § 3, paragraph 1
- § 3, paragraph 2
- § 3, paragraph 3
- § 3, paragraph 4
- § 3, paragraph 5
- § 3, paragraph 6
- § 3. Theory of the diffusion of small suspended spheres.
- § 4, paragraph 1
- § 4, paragraph 2
- § 4, paragraph 3
- § 4, paragraph 4
- § 4, paragraph 5
- § 4, paragraph 6
- § 4, paragraph 7
- § 4, paragraph 8
- § 4, paragraph 9
- § 4, paragraph 10
- § 4. On the irregular motion of particles suspended in a liquid and its relation to diffusion.
- § 5, paragraph 1
- § 5, paragraph 2
- § 5, paragraph 3
- § 5, paragraph 4
- § 5. Formula for the mean displacement of suspended particles. A new method for determining the true size of atoms.
- Introduction, paragraph 1
- Introduction, paragraph 2
Special relativity
- § 1, footnote 1
- § 1, paragraph 1
- § 1, paragraph 2
- § 1, paragraph 3
- § 1, paragraph 4
- § 1, paragraph 5
- § 1, paragraph 6
- § 1, paragraph 7
- § 1, paragraph 8
- § 1, paragraph 9
- § 1, paragraph 10
- § 1. Definition of Simultaneity.
- § 2, footnote 1
- § 2, paragraph 1
- § 2, paragraph 2
- § 2, paragraph 3
- § 2, paragraph 4
- § 2, paragraph 5
- § 2, paragraph 6
- § 2, paragraph 7
- § 2, paragraph 8
- § 2. On the Relativity of Lengths and Times.
- § 3, paragraph 1
- § 3, paragraph 2
- § 3, paragraph 3
- § 3, paragraph 4
- § 3, paragraph 5
- § 3, paragraph 6
- § 3, paragraph 7
- § 3, paragraph 8
- § 3, paragraph 9
- § 3, paragraph 10
- § 3, paragraph 11
- § 3, paragraph 12
- § 3, paragraph 13
- § 3, paragraph 14
- § 3, paragraph 15
- § 3, paragraph 16
- § 3, paragraph 17
- § 3, paragraph 18
- § 3. Theory of the Transformation of Coordinates and Times from the Stationary System to a System in Uniform Translational Motion Relative to It.
- § 4, footnote 1
- § 4, paragraph 1
- § 4, paragraph 2
- § 4, paragraph 3
- § 4, paragraph 4
- § 4, paragraph 5
- § 4, paragraph 6
- § 4, paragraph 7
- § 4, paragraph 8
- § 4. Physical Meaning of the Equations Obtained, Concerning Moving Rigid Bodies and Moving Clocks.
- § 5, paragraph 1
- § 5, paragraph 2
- § 5, paragraph 3
- § 5, paragraph 4
- § 5. The Addition Theorem of Velocities.
- § 6, footnote 1
- § 6, paragraph 1
- § 6, paragraph 2
- § 6, paragraph 3
- § 6, paragraph 4
- § 6, paragraph 5
- § 6, paragraph 6
- § 6, paragraph 7
- § 6, paragraph 8
- § 6, paragraph 9
- § 6. Transformation of the Maxwell-Hertz Equations for Empty Space. On the Nature of the Electromotive Forces Occurring with Motion in a Magnetic Field.
- § 7, paragraph 1
- § 7, paragraph 2
- § 7, paragraph 3
- § 7, paragraph 4
- § 7, paragraph 5
- § 7, paragraph 6
- § 7. Theory of Doppler’s Principle and of Aberration.
- § 8, paragraph 1
- § 8, paragraph 2
- § 8, paragraph 3
- § 8, paragraph 4
- § 8, paragraph 5
- § 8, paragraph 6
- § 8, paragraph 7
- § 8. Transformation of the Energy of Light Rays. Theory of the Radiation Pressure Exerted on Perfect Mirrors.
- § 9, paragraph 1
- § 9, paragraph 2
- § 9, paragraph 3
- § 9. Transformation of the Maxwell-Hertz Equations with Consideration of Convection Currents.
- § 10, paragraph 1
- § 10, paragraph 2
- § 10, paragraph 3
- § 10, paragraph 4
- § 10, paragraph 5
- § 10, paragraph 6
- § 10, paragraph 7
- § 10, paragraph 8
- § 10, paragraph 9
- § 10, paragraph 10
- § 10, paragraph 11
- § 10, paragraph 12
- § 10, paragraph 13
- § 10, paragraph 14
- § 10, paragraph 15
- § 10, paragraph 16
- § 10, paragraph 17
- § 10, paragraph 18
- § 10. Dynamics of the (Slowly Accelerated) Electron.
- Introduction, paragraph 1
- Introduction, paragraph 2
- Introduction, paragraph 3
Notation and terms 182
Every letter and symbol as printed, with what it means in each paper, is on the notation page.